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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-GB link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>This is the email I sent to David Rosenthal at the same time as publishing the post.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>..David<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a name="_MailEndCompose"><o:p> </o:p></a></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal'><b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> David Giaretta [mailto:david@giaretta.org] <br><b>Sent:</b> 24 February 2016 15:41<br><b>To:</b> David S. H. Rosenthal (dshr@stanford.edu) <dshr@stanford.edu><br><b>Subject:</b> Comments on your blog post.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Dear David<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>I’ve put the following text on the DPC forum about OAIS - <a href="http://wiki.dpconline.org/index.php?title=Comments_on_David_Rosenthal%27s_%E2%80%9CThe_case_for_a_revision_of_OAIS%E2%80%9D">http://wiki.dpconline.org/index.php?title=Comments_on_David_Rosenthal%27s_%E2%80%9CThe_case_for_a_revision_of_OAIS%E2%80%9D</a> . I hope it is a helpful contribution to the discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>..David<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Comments on “The case for a revision of OAIS”<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>From </span><a href="http://wiki.dpconline.org/index.php?title=The_case_for_a_revision_of_OAIS"><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>http://wiki.dpconline.org/index.php?title=The_case_for_a_revision_of_OAIS</span></a><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> by </span><a href="http://wiki.dpconline.org/index.php?title=User:DRosenthal" title="User:DRosenthal"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>David Rosenthal</span></a><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>COMMENTS by David Giaretta on behalf of the working group responsible for OAISrevision<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The following contains comments to David Rosenthal’s posting “The case for a revision of OAIS” at </span></b><a href="http://wiki.dpconline.org/index.php?title=The_case_for_a_revision_of_OAIS"><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>http://wiki.dpconline.org/index.php?title=The_case_for_a_revision_of_OAIS</span></b></a><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The normal process for ISO standards involves a review after 5 years, which means that OAIS is due for revision in 2017. However, it is important to understand OAIS before proposing revisions. As indicated in the comments below, the case laid out is built on some fundamental misunderstandings of the standard, in particular not realising that OAIS provides a reference model as it very clearly states in the following way (see page 1-2): “<i>This reference model does not specify a design or an implementation. Actual implementations may group or break out functionality differently</i>”. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The comments below (indented and in bold) seek to correct the statements in the original post.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The official title of ISO 14721 is </span></i><a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=57284"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS)</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>. The role of a reference model is to provide abstract concepts and terminology by means of which concrete systems can described and analysed. A reference model is not of itself a standard against which concrete systems can be assessed for conformance, that is the role of criteria based on these concepts and terminology. In the case of ISO 14721 this role is performed by </span></i><a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=56510"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>ISO 16363</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> and its predecessor TRAC. The effectiveness of ISO 14721 must be judged by the effectiveness of its concepts and terminology in describing concrete archival systems, and audits under TRAC and ISO 16363 provide a valuable opportunity to do so. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:36.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>COMMENT: The effectiveness of ISO 14721 is not best judged by how precisely it is able to describe any particular archival implementation, but much more on how widely it has been adopted to facilitate comparisons of archival implementations and issues. A reference model able to describe all implementations in detail would be huge, extremely complex, and effectively useless.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>In July 2014 the </span></i><a href="http://www.clockss.org"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>CLOCKSS Archive</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> was </span></i><a href="http://www.crl.edu/archiving-preservation/digital-archives/certification-and-assessment-digital-repositories/clockss-report"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>certified by CRL</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> after a rigorous audit against the TRAC criteria, the process for certification under ISO 16363 not then being available. CLOCKSS gained an overall score that equalled the previous best, and the first ever perfect score in the "Technologies, Technical Infrastructure, Security" category. All non-confidential documents submitted to the auditors are available </span></i><a href="http://documents.clockss.org"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>here</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>. Four blog posts describe </span></i><a href="http://blog.dshr.org/2014/07/trac-certification-of-clockss-archive.html"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>the certification</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>, </span></i><a href="http://blog.dshr.org/2014/08/trac-audit-process.html"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>the audit process</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>, </span></i><a href="http://blog.dshr.org/2014/08/trac-audit-lessons.html"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>the lessons learned</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>, and </span></i><a href="http://blog.dshr.org/2014/08/trac-audit-do-it-yourself-demos.html"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>how to run the demonstrations</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> we showed the auditors. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>In general, basing the description of the CLOCKSS Archive on the ISO 16363 criteria, and thus on the concepts and terminology of ISO 14721 worked well. Documents describing in detail the way significant OAIS concepts apply to the CLOCKSS Archive are available </span></i><a href="http://documents.clockss.org/index.php/Main_Page#OAIS_Conformance_Documents"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>here</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>. But the </span></i><a href="http://blog.dshr.org/2014/08/trac-audit-lessons.html"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>"lessons learned"</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> blog post includes a section OAIS vs. CLOCKSS, reproduced here: <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Writing the OAIS Conformance Documents made the mis-match between the theory of the OAIS reference model and the practice of digital preservation in the Web era, and in particular that of the CLOCKSS Archive, evident. The conceptual mis-matches between the OAIS Reference Architecture, upon which ISO 16363 is firmly based, and the CLOCKSS Archive's architecture fall into four broad areas: <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>CLOCKSS is a dark archive</span></i></b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>. Eventual readers of the archive's content are unknown, and have no influence over when, whether and how content is released from the archive. The OAIS concept of Designated Community is thus difficult to apply.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><ul type=disc><ul type=circle><ul type=square><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>COMMENT: This is a misunderstanding of the definition of Designated Community. The Designated Community is defined (see page 1-11) by the archive. The archive does not have to see into the future – they just have to make it clear what they are doing. For example, are the CLOCKSS holdings to be directly understandable to those who only understand Japanese? There must be some criteria being employed, if only implicitly, and this should be documented as the Designated Community – however narrow or broad it may be. </span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul></ul></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:108.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The “eventual users” may or may not be part of that Designated Community, and are not required to have any influence on when, whether and how content is released. The archive will have some process for making these decisions but OAIS does not cover those.</span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:90.0pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>CLOCKSS ingests streams of content</span></i></b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>. Content ingested by crawling the Web, as much of the CLOCKSS Archive's content is, is not pushed from the content submitter to the archive but pulled by the archive from the publisher. The publishers of academic journals emit a continual stream of content; any division into units is imposed by the archive, not by the publisher. The OAIS concept of Submission Information Package, (SIP) and the relationship it envisages between the submitter and the archive, is difficult to apply. The concept of Archival Information Package (AIP) also has some detailed mis-matches, since to collect a stream an AIP must be created before it contains any content, and subsequently accumulate content over time instead of, as OAIS envisages, being wrapped around a pre-existing collection of content at creation time.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><ul type=disc><ul type=circle><ul type=square><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>COMMENT: The AIP is certainly defined by the archive. The SIP is a general concept and the Producer is a role rather than a specific person or organisation (see page 1-14). Someone or something is collecting the content and submitting it to the archive. That person or system is playing the role of the Producer. An individual actor can play multiple roles.<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ul></ul></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:108.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The AIP is not assumed to be created before there is any content. One could talk about an AIP container or structure that is prepared before any streaming is started. Until it has all the required components it is not a valid AIP. The archive decides how to create the AIP. OAIS specifies the kinds of information which must be logically contained in it.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:108.0pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>CLOCKSS has a centralized organization but a distributed implementation</span></i></b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>. Efforts are under way to reconcile the completely centralized OAIS model with the </span></i><a href="http://purl.pt/24107/1/iPres2013_PDF/Creating%20a%20Framework%20for%20Applying%20OAIS%20to%20Distributed%20Digital%20Preservation.pdf"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>reality of distributed digital preservation</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>, as for example in collaborations such as the </span></i><a href="http://www.metaarchive.org/"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>MetaArchive</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> and between the </span></i><a href="http://www.kb.dk/en/"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Royal and University Library in Copenhagen</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> and the </span></i><a href="http://library.au.dk/en/"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>library of the University of Aarhus</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>. Although the organization of the CLOCKSS Archive is centralized, serious digital archives like CLOCKSS require a distributed implementation, if only to achieve geographic redundancy. The OAIS model fails to deal with distribution even at the implementation level, let alone at the organizational level</span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type=disc><ul type=circle><ul type=square><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>COMMENT: OAIS is a Reference model – not an implementation model (see page 1-2). There is nothing in the OAIS Reference model that would preclude a distributed implementation of an OAIS (see pages 2-2, 4-3, 6-1 and 6-3). <o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ul></ul></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:108.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The Functional Model is a logical representation, not a design for a centralised archive. OAIS does not specify how the various Functional Entities are implemented or distributed. Standards for various aspects of implementations would be better placed in a separate standard which follows the OAIS Reference Model concepts and terminology.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:108.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Note for example that NASA’s Planetary Data System (PDS) has been in existence for many years and is a large distributed archive. PDS staff had no difficulty applying OAIS to the PDS. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:90.0pt;line-height:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The CLOCKSS Archive contracts-out its operations</span></i></b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>. The CLOCKSS Archive not-for-profit achieves its low cost of operations by contracting them all out under two contracts with Stanford University. This enables many costs to be shared with the other users of the LOCKSS technology, to the benefit of both. The OAIS model fails to deal with organizational divisions such as this.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><ul type=disc><ul type=circle><ul type=square><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo2'><b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>COMMENT: Again the Functional Model does not specify how the Functional Entities are implemented (see page 4-3).</span></i></b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></i></li></ul></ul></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Another mis-match between OAIS and web archiving would have been a problem had CLOCKSS not been a dark archive. Access to archived Web content, via </span></i><a href="http://www.mementoweb.org/"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Memento (RFC7089)</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>, direct link or text search, occurs at the level of an individual URL. The OAIS concept of Dissemination Information Package is difficult to apply to access of this kind; it says: <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:36.0pt;line-height:normal'><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>In response to a request, the OAIS provides all or a part of an AIP to a Consumer in the form of a Dissemination Information Package (DIP). The DIP may also include collections of AIPs, and it may or may not have complete PDI. The Packaging Information will necessarily be present in some form so that the Consumer can clearly distinguish the information that was requested. Depending on the dissemination media and Consumer requirements, the Packaging Information may take various forms. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Although there is obviously a lot of room for interpretation here, it does not appear to cover the case where the Consumer requests, and the archive delivers, a digital object (the headers and body of a URL) in exactly the form it was ingested with no Packaging Information. This is what Consumers of archived Web content want. It is true that, for example, Memento adds header information to its response, but that information serves to point to other archived digital objects, potentially in other archives, so it can't be considered Packaging Information for the requested DIP. Fortunately for us, the trigger process of the CLOCKSS Archive does deliver a package containing many URLs, so it more closely matches the OAIS DIP concept. </span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:36.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>COMMENT: The DIP is a general concept and OAIS does not say how any particular DIP is constructed or what it will contain. If/when required, an archive must be able to provide the details of how the information in the DIP links back to the original information which the archive ingested. Not all DIPs need to contain that provenance. Packaging Information is defined as: </span></b><b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The information that is used to bind and identify the components of an Information Package</span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>. If the response (the DIP) is sent using HTTP then the fact that it is HTTP is part of the Packaging Information – normally taken care of by the browser without the knowledge or intervention of the human user.</span></b><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Our experience in the TRAC audit of the CLOCKSS Archive reveals a number of areas in which the concepts and terminology of ISO 14721 are inadequate to describe a real, functioning system. There are two ways to react to this. If you believe that ISO 14721 is not a reference model, but a definition of an archival system, your response is to say the CLOCKSS and any other system that cannot be described using only ISO 14721 concepts and terminology is not an archival system. Whatever it is doing is not archiving. Over time, as technology and the requirements of the marketplace evolve, the terminology of ISO 14721 will describe fewer and fewer systems, so the field of archiving will shrink to encompass only legacy systems. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:normal'><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>If, on the other hand, you believe that ISO 14721 is a reference model, your response is to say that it needs updating with additional concepts and terminology adequate to describe the systems that are doing archiving is the sense in which that word is generally used. Our experience has identified a number of areas in which updating is needed, and I hope to adress them in detail in subsequent posts. I'm sure others have found other such areas, and I hope they will address them in posts to this Wiki. Lets get to work to ensure that a revised ISO 14721 matches the reality of current archival systems. Once that is done, we will need to revise the standards based upon it, </span></i><a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=56510"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>ISO 16363</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'> and </span></i><a href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=57950"><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>ISO 16919</span></i></a><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:36.0pt;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>COMMENT: OAIS does not claim to be a reference manual to design archives. It claims to:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>–<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>provides a framework for the understanding and increased awareness of archival concepts needed for Long Term digital information preservation and access;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>–<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>provides the concepts needed by non-archival organizations to be effective participants in the preservation process;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>–<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>provides a framework, including terminology and concepts, for describing and comparing architectures and operations of existing and future Archives;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>–<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>provides a framework for describing and comparing different Long Term Preservation strategies and techniques;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>–<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>provides a basis for comparing the data models of digital information preserved by Archives and for discussing how data models and the underlying information may change over time;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>–<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>provides a framework that may be expanded by other efforts to cover Long Term Preservation of information that is NOT in digital form (e.g., physical media and physical samples);<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>–<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>expands consensus on the elements and processes for Long Term digital information preservation and access, and promotes a larger market which vendors can support;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:72.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>–<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>guides the identification and production of OAIS-related standards.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The last point is particularly relevant here. No one standard can cover everything. If it attempted to do so, then it would be too large to read and would be out of date very quickly.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>OAIS is an abstract standard which identified additional standards which need to be developed. ISO16363 is an example of such an additional standard and there are others which have been created or which are under development. Other examples include the XFDU (ISO 13527:2010) standard which describes one specific implementation of OAIS packages while the PAIS (ISO 20104:2015) describes one possible implementation of the Producer-Archive Interface.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Surely the fundamental question when proposing revisions to OAIS is whether the core, abstract, concepts need to be updated/corrected, or whether additional standards are needed – or perhaps both. The OAIS terminology and core, abstract, concepts are logically consistent and widely applicable. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Taking distributed archives as an example, which are mentioned in the original post as being beyond OAIS. We noted above that mapping PDS to OAIS indicates that this is not true and the core concepts of OAIS do apply. It may be sensible to create new standards for the implementation of distributed archives, for example to define new ways to implement federations or special storage systems. This would not in itself imply changes to OAIS, ISO 16363, or ISO 16919.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-add-space:auto;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>As noted at the start, OAIS is scheduled for review/revision in 2017. It will be important to collect ideas/comments/corrections but it is essential to distinguish between changes in OAIS itself versus suggestions for new, separate, standards. Our comments indicate that the points made in the original post fall in the latter category. However, if there are other new considerations, or if you feel we didn’t understand your post, we would be happy to discuss this. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>